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We do not want you to waste previous hours reading whole chapters only to discover that your recording is unusable due to a preventable technical glitch. A book coordinator commonly abbreviated BC in the forum is a volunteer who manages all the other volunteers who will record chapters for a LibriVox recording. Metadata coordinators MCs , help and advise Book Coordinators, and take over the files with the completed recordings soloists are also Book Coordinators in this sense, as they prepare their own files for the Meta coordinators.

The files are then prepared and uploaded to the LibriVox catalogue, in a lengthy and cumbersome process. NOTE: Anyone may read this Wiki, but if you wish to edit the pages, please log in, as this Wiki has been locked to avoid spam. Apologies for the inconvenience. This type of search will return the widest range of results. For example, if you search for the word " carbon ", your results will originate from all existing tabs, and you will see something like this:.

This feature is especially useful if you make TheFreeDictionary your homepage: your search options become unlimited. The external search is a good option when you find that TheFreeDictionary has reached its limitations.

For example, once you have searched "GPS" on TheFreeDictionary and have learned that it stands for " Global Positioning System ", you may want to check out prices for the device and perform a search on Google. Another example could be a word like "giclee ," which is not very well defined in current dictionaries ; you may want to find additional information about "giclee" elsewhere on the web by clicking the Google radio button.

A domesticated carnivorous mammal Canis familiaris syn. Canis lupus subsp. Recent works have shown promise in using microarchitectural execution patterns to detect malware programs. These detectors belong to a class of detectors known as signature-based detectors as they catch malware by comparing a program's execution pattern signature to execution patterns of known malware programs.

In this work, we propose a new class of detectors - anomaly-based hardware malware detectors - that do not require signatures for malware detection, and thus can catch a wider range of malware including potentially novel ones.

We use unsupervised machine learning to build profiles of normal program execution based on data from performance counters, and use these profiles to detect significant deviations in program behavior that occur as a result of malware exploitation. We also examine the limits and challenges in implementing this approach in face of a sophisticated adversary attempting to evade anomaly-based detection. The proposed detector is complementary to previously proposed signature-based detectors and can be used together to improve security.

For the ever-demanding cellphone users, the exhaustive list of features that a smartphone supports just keeps getting more exhaustive with time. Extrapolating into the future the features of a present-day smartphone, the lives of us humans using smartphones are going to be unimaginably agile.

With the above said emphasis on the current and future potential of a smartphone, the ability to virtualize smartphones with all their real-world features into a virtual platform, is a boon for those who want to rigorously experiment and customize the virtualized smartphone hardware without spending an extra penny.

When accessible remotely with the real-time responsiveness, the above mentioned real-world behavior will be a real dealmaker in many real-world systems, namely, the life-saving systems like the ones that instantaneously get alerts about harmful magnetic radiations in the deep mining areas, etc. And these life-saving systems would be installed on a large scale on the desktops or large servers as virtualized smartphones having the added support of virtualized sensors which remotely fetch the real hardware sensor readings from a real smartphone in real-time.

Based on these readings the lives working in the affected areas can be alerted and thus saved by the people who are operating the at the desktops or large servers hosting the virtualized smartphones. The current work of Sensor Emulation is quite unique when compared to the existing and past sensor-related works. The uniqueness comes from the full-fledged sensoremulation in a virtualized smartphone environment as opposed to building some sophisticated physical systems that usually aggregate the sensor readings from the real hardware sensors, might be in a remote manner and in real-time.

For example, wireless sensor networks based remote-sensing systems that install real hardware sensors in remote places and have the sensor readings from all those sensors at a centralized server or something similar, for the necessary real-time or offline analysis.

In these systems, apart from collecting mere real hardware sensor readings into a centralized entity, nothing more is being achieved unlike in the current work of Sensor Emulation wherein the emulated sensors behave exactly like the remote real hardware sensors.

The emulated sensors can be calibrated, speeded up or slowed down in terms of their sampling frequency , influence the sensor-based application running inside the virtualized smartphone environment exactly as the real hardware sensors of a real phone would do to the sensor-based application running in that real phone. In essence, the current work is more about generalizing the sensors with all its real-world characteristics as far as possible in a virtualized platform than just a framework to send and receive sensor readings over the network between the real and virtual phones.

Realizing the useful advantages of Sensor Emulation which is about adding virtualized sensors support to emulated environments, the current work emulates a total of ten sensors present in the real smartphone, Samsung Nexus S, an Android device. Virtual phones run Android-x86 while real phones run Android. The real reason behind choosing Android-x86 for virtual phone is that xbased Android devices are feature-rich over ARM based ones, for example a full-fledged x86 desktop or a tablet has more features than a relatively small smartphone.

Out of the ten, five are real sensors and the rest are virtual or synthetic ones. The emulated Android-x86 is of Android release version Jelly Bean 4. One of the noteworthy aspects of the Sensor Emulation accomplished is being demand-less - exactly the same sensor-based Android applications will be able to use the sensors on the real and virtual phones, with absolutely no difference in terms of their sensor-based behavior.

Apart from a Paired real-device scenario from which the real hardware sensor readings are fetched, the Sensor Emulation also is compatible with a Remote Server Scenario wherein the artificially generated sensor readings are fetched from a remote server. Sensor Emulation once completed was evaluated for each of the emulated sensors using applications from Android Market as well as Amazon Appstore. The applications category include both the basic sensor-test applications that show raw sensor readings, as well as the advanced 3D sensor-driven games which are emulator compatible, especially in terms of the graphics.

The evaluations proved the current work of Sensor Emulation to be generic, efficient, robust, fast, accurate, and real. As of this writing i. It is important to note that though the current work is targeted for Android-x86, the code written for the current work makes no assumptions about underlying platform to be an x86 one.

Hence, the work is also logically seen as compatible with ARM based emulated Android environment though not actually tested. Our measurements show that the video players frequently discard a large amount of video content although it is successfully delivered to a client. We first investigate the root cause of this unwanted behavior. The architecture includes a selective packet discarding mechanism, which can be placed in packet data network gateways P-GW.

In addition, our QoS-aware rules assist video players in selecting an appropriate resolution under a fluctuating channel condition. We monitor network condition and configure QoS parameters to control availability of the maximum bandwidth in real time.

In our experimental setup, the proposed platform shows up to We investigate video server selection algorithms in a distributed video-on-demand system. We proved that a location-aware video server selection algorithm assigns a video content server based on the network attachment point of a client.

We found out that such distance-based algorithms carry the risk of directing a client to a less optimal content server, although there may exist other better performing video delivery servers. In order to solve this problem, we propose to use dynamic network information such as packet loss rates and Round Trip Time RTT between an edge node of an wireless network e. Our empirical study shows that the proposed architecture can provide higher TCP performance, leading to better viewing quality compared to location-based video server selection algorithms.

However, it may converge only to a local optimum or may not converge at all. We explore an application to predicting equipment failure on an urban power network and demonstrate that the Bethe approximation can perform well even when BP fails to converge. Introductory computer science courses traditionally focus on exposing students to basic programming and computer science theory, leaving little or no time to teach students about software testing.

In the long term, they will appreciate the importance of testing as part of the software development life cycle. As voice, multimedia, and data services are converging to IP, there is a need for a new networking architecture to support future innovations and applications.

Such diverse network connectivity can be used to increase both reliability and performance by running applications over multiple links, sequentially for seamless user experience, or in parallel for bandwidth and performance enhancements. The existing networking stack, however, offers almost no support for intelligently exploiting such network, device, and location diversity.

In this work, we survey recently proposed protocols and architectures that enable heterogeneous networking support. Upon evaluation, we abstract common design patterns and propose a unified networking architecture that makes better use of a heterogeneous dynamic environment, both in terms of networks and devices.

The architecture enables mobile nodes to make intelligent decisions about how and when to use each or a combination of networks, based on access policies. With this new architecture, we envision a shift from current applications, which support a single network, location, and device at a time to applications that can support multiple networks, multiple locations, and multiple devices.

To provide high performance at practical power levels, tomorrow's chips will have to consist primarily of application-specific logic that is only powered on when needed.

This paper discusses synthesizing such logic from the functional language Haskell. The proposed approach, which consists of rewriting steps that ultimately dismantle the source program into a simple dialect that enables a syntax-directed translation to hardware, enables aggressive parallelization and the synthesis of application-specific distributed memory systems. Transformations include scheduling arithmetic operations onto specific data paths, replacing recursion with iteration, and improving data locality by inlining recursive types.

A compiler based on these principles is under development. Social network platforms have transformed how people communicate and share information. However, as these platforms have evolved, the ability for users to control how and with whom information is being shared introduces challenges concerning the configuration and comprehension of privacy settings. To validate our approach we conducted an online survey with closed and open questions and collected 50 valid responses after which we conducted follow-up interviews with 10 respondents.

However, only a little is known about how users and developers perceive privacy and which concrete measures would mitigate privacy concerns.

Users are more concerned about the content of their documents and personal data such as location than their interaction data. Testing large software packages can become very time intensive.

To address this problem, researchers have investigated techniques such as Test Suite Minimization. Test Suite Minimization reduces the number of tests in a suite by removing tests that appear redundant, at the risk of a reduction in fault-finding ability since it can be difficult to identify which tests are truly redundant.

We take a completely different approach to solving the same problem of long running test suites by instead reducing the time needed to execute each test, an approach that we call Unit Test Virtualization. With Unit Test Virtualization, we reduce the overhead of isolating each unit test with a lightweight virtualization container. We describe the empirical analysis that grounds our approach and provide an implementation of Unit Test Virtualization targeting Java applications.

We also compared VMVM to a well known Test Suite Minimization technique, finding the reduction provided by VMVM to be four times greater, while still executing every test with no loss of fault-finding ability. Challenges arise in testing applications that do not have test oracles, i. Metamorphic testing, introduced by Chen et al. Here, we improve upon previous work by presenting a new technique called Metamorphic Runtime Checking, which automatically conducts metamorphic testing of both the entire application and individual functions during a program's execution.

This new approach improves the scope, scale, and sensitivity of metamorphic testing by allowing for the identification of more properties and execution of more tests, and increasing the likelihood of detecting faults not found by application-level properties.

We previously reported our investigation of the fall offering of the Columbia University course COMS W Advanced Software Engineering, and here report on the fall offering and contrast it to the previous year. Our main findings are: 1 Although the students in the second offering did not do very well on the newly added individual assignment specifically focused on metamorphic testing, thereafter they were better able to find metamorphic properties for their team projects than the students from the previous year who did not have that preliminary homework and, perhaps most significantly, did not have the solution set for that homework.

Sambuddho Chakravarty, Marco V. Low-latency anonymous communication networks, such as Tor, are geared towards web browsing, instant messaging, and other semi-interactive applications. To achieve acceptable quality of service, these systems attempt to preserve packet inter-arrival characteristics, such as inter-packet delay. Consequently, a powerful adversary can mount traffic analysis attacks by observing similar traffic patterns at various points of the network, linking together otherwise unrelated network connections.

Previous research has shown that having access to a few Internet exchange points is enough for monitoring a significant percentage of the network paths from Tor nodes to destination servers. Although the capacity of current networks makes packet-level monitoring at such a scale quite challenging, adversaries could potentially use less accurate but readily available traffic monitoring functionality, such as Cisco's NetFlow, to mount large-scale traffic analysis attacks.

In this paper, we assess the feasibility and effectiveness of practical traffic analysis attacks against the Tor network using NetFlow data. We present an active traffic analysis method based on deliberately perturbing the characteristics of user traffic at the server side, and observing a similar perturbation at the client side through statistical correlation.

We evaluate the accuracy of our method using both in-lab testing, as well as data gathered from a public Tor relay serving hundreds of users. Video streaming on mobile devices is on the rise. According to recent reports, mobile video streaming traffic accounted for Our research indicates that the network traffic behavior depends on factors such as the type of device, multimedia applications in use and network conditions.

Furthermore, we found that a large part of the downloaded video content can be unaccepted by a video player even though it is successfully delivered to a client. This unwanted behavior often occurs when the video player changes the resolution in a fluctuating network condition and the playout buffer is full while downloading a video.

Energy optimizations are being aggressively pursued today. Can these optimizations open up security vulnerabilities? In this invited talk at the Energy Secure System Architectures Workshop run by Pradip Bose from IBM Watson research center I discussed security implications of energy optimizations, capabilities of attackers, ease of exploitation, and potential payoff to the attacker.

I presented a mini tutorial on security for computer architects, and a personal research wish list for this emerging topic.

This paper presents a review of modern-day schlieren optics system and its application. Schlieren imaging systems provide a powerful technique to visualize changes or nonuniformities in refractive index of air or other transparent media.

With the popularization of computational imaging techniques and widespread availability of digital imaging systems, schlieren systems provide novel methods of viewing transparent fluid dynamics. This paper presents a historical background of the technique, describes the methodology behind the system, presents a mathematical proof of schlieren fundamentals, and lists various recent applications and advancements in schlieren studies. The increasing number of In addition, non-WiFi devices sharing the same spectrum with Although the problem sources can be easily removed in many cases, it is difficult for end users to identify the root cause.

We introduce WiSlow, a software tool that diagnoses the root causes of poor WiFi performance with user-level network probes and leverages peer collaboration to identify the location of the causes. We elaborate on two main methods: packet loss analysis and The Internet of Things IoT enables the physical world to be connected and controlled over the Internet.

This paper presents a smart gateway platform that connects everyday objects such as lights, thermometers, and TVs over the Internet. The proposed hardware architecture is implemented on an Arduino platform with a variety of off the shelf home automation technologies such as Zigbee and X Using the microcontroller-based platform, the SECE Sense Everything, Control Everything system allows users to create various IoT services such as monitoring sensors, controlling actuators, triggering action events, and periodic sensor reporting.

Mobile devices are vertically integrated systems that are powerful, useful platforms, but unfortunately limit user choice and lock users and developers into a particular mobile ecosystem, such as iOS or Android. We present Chameleon, a multi-persona binary compatibility architecture that allows mobile device users to run applications built for different mobile ecosystems together on the same smartphone or tablet.

Chameleon enhances the domestic operating system of a device with personas to mimic the application binary interface of a foreign operating system to run unmodified foreign binary applications. To accomplish this without reimplementing the entire foreign operating system from scratch, Chameleon provides four key mechanisms. First, a multi-persona binary interface is used that can load and execute both domestic and foreign applications that use different sets of system calls.

Second, compile-time code adaptation makes it simple to reuse existing unmodified foreign kernel code in the domestic kernel. Third, API interposition and passport system calls make it possible to reuse foreign user code together with domestic kernel facilities to support foreign kernel functionality in user space.

Fourth, schizophrenic processes allow foreign applications to use domestic libraries to access proprietary software and hardware interfaces on the device. We have built a Chameleon prototype and demonstrate that it imposes only modest performance overhead and can run iOS applications from the Apple App Store together with Android applications from Google Play on a Nexus 7 tablet running the latest version of Android.

We provide the first measurements on real hardware of a complete hypervisor using ARM hardware virtualization support. System reliability is a critical requirement of cyber-physical systems.

An unreliable CPS often leads to system malfunctions, service disruptions, financial losses and even human life. Some prior researches have proposed reliability benchmark for some specific CPS such as wind power plant and wireless sensor networks. There were also some prior researches on the components of CPS such as software and some specific hardware.

FARE framework provides a CPS reliability model, a set of methods and metrics on the evaluation environment selection, failure analysis and reliability estimation for benchmarking CPS reliability. It not only provides a retrospect evaluation and estimation of the CPS system reliability using the past data, but also provides a mechanism for continuous monitoring and evaluation of CPS reliability for runtime enhancement.

The framework is extensible for accommodating new reliability measurement techniques and metrics. It is also generic and applicable to a wide range of CPS applications. For empirical study, we applied the FARE framework on a smart building management system for a large commercial building in New York City. Our experiments showed that FARE is easy to implement, accurate for comparison and can be used for building useful industry benchmarks and standards after accumulating enough data.

Additional remarks on designing category-level attributes for discriminative visual recognition. Our accelerating computational demand and the rise of multicore hardware have made parallel programs increasingly pervasive and critical.

Yet, these programs remain extremely difficult to write, test, analyze, debug, and verify. In this article, we provide our view on why parallel programs, specifically multithreaded programs, are difficult to get right. Through a series of mechanical, semantics-preserving transformations, I show how a three-line recursive Haskell program Fibonacci can be transformed to a hardware description language -- Verilog -- that can be synthesized on an FPGA.

This report lays groundwork for a compiler that will perform this transformation automatically. We discuss practical details and basic scalability for two recent ideas for hardware encryption for trojan prevention.

The broad idea is to encrypt the data used as inputs to hardware circuits to make it more difficult for malicious attackers to exploit hardware trojans.

The two methods we discuss are data obfuscation and fully homomorphic encryption FHE. Data obfuscation is a technique wherein specific data inputs are encrypted so that they can be operated on within a hardware module without exposing the data itself to the hardware. FHE is a technique recently discovered to be theoretically possible.

With FHE, not only the data but also the operations and the entire circuit are encrypted. FHE primarily exists as a theoretical construct currently. It has been shown that it can theoretically be applied to any program or circuit. It has also been applied in a limited respect to some software. Some initial algorithms for hardware applications have been proposed. We find that data obfuscation is efficient enough to be immediately practical, while FHE is not yet in the practical realm.

There are also scalability concerns regarding current algorithms for FHE. This thesis will consist of the following four projects that aim to address the issues of Societal Computing. First, privacy in the context of ubiquitous social computing systems has become a major concern for society at large.

As the number of online social computing systems that collect user data grows, concerns with privacy are further exacerbated. Examples of such online systems include social networks, recommender systems, and so on. Approaches to addressing these privacy concerns typically require substantial extra computational resources, which might be beneficial where privacy is concerned, but may have significant negative impact with respect to Green Computing and sustainability, another major societal concern.

We describe how privacy can indeed be achieved for free an accidental and beneficial side effect of doing some existing computation in web applications and online systems that have access to user data. Second, we aim to understand what the expectations and needs to end-users and software developers are, with respect to privacy in social systems.

Some questions that we want to answer are: Do end-users care about privacy? What aspects of privacy are the most important to end-users? Do we need different privacy mechanisms for technical vs. Should we customize privacy settings and systems based on the geographic location of the users? We have created a large scale user study using an online questionnaire to gather privacy requirements from a variety of stakeholders.

We also plan to conduct follow-up semi-structured interviews. This user study will help us answer these questions. Third, a related challenge to above, is to make privacy more understandable in complex systems that may have a variety of user interface options, which may change often.

We have a large dataset of privacy settings for over users on Facebook and we plan to create a user study that will use the data to make privacy settings more understandable. Finally, end-users of such systems find it increasingly hard to understand complex privacy settings. As software evolves over time, this might introduce bugs that breach users' privacy.

Further, there might be system-wide policy changes that could change users' settings to be more or less private than before. Accurately determining a user's floor location is essential for minimizing delays in emergency response.

This paper presents a floor localization system intended for emergency calls. We aim to provide floor-level accuracy with minimum infrastructure support. Our approach is to use multiple sensors, all available in today's smartphones, to trace a user's vertical movements inside buildings.

We make three contributions. First, we present a hybrid architecture for floor localization with emergency calls in mind. The architecture combines beacon-based infrastructure and sensor-based dead reckoning, striking the right balance between accurately determining a user's location and minimizing the required infrastructure.

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